Class 12 Physics Syllabus:
Unit 1 : Electrostatics
Chapter – 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two-point charges, Forces between multiple charges, Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution, Electric field, Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
Unit 2:
Current Electricity
Chapter – 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, a combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
Chapter – 3: Current Electricity
Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current, Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and nonlinear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity; temperature dependence of resistance.
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, the combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge (qualitative ideas only)
Potentiometer – principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell (qualitative ideas only).
Unit 3:
Effects Of Current Electricity
Chapter – 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment, Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop, Ampere’s law and its applications to an infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Chapter – 5: Magnetism and Matter
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Unit 4
Electromagnetic Induction
and
Alternating Currents
Chapter – 6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.
Chapter – 7: Alternating Current
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance, LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, AC generator and transformer
Unit 5 :
Electromagnetic waves
Chapter – 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only), Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses
Unit 6 :
Optics
Chapter – 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula, magnification, power of a lens, a combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Chapter – 10: Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygens principle, reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
Unit 7:
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter – 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations, Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light, Experimental study of the photoelectric effect, Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation
Unit 8 :
Atoms and Nuclei
Chapter – 12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of the atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
Chapter – 13: Nuclei
Mass-energy relation, mass defect, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion
Unit 9:
Electronic Devices
Chapter – 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only), Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell
CBSE 12th Class Physics Syllabus
Course Structure
| Units | Topics | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| I | Electrostatics | 15 |
| Chapter 1 | Electric Charges and Fields | |
| Chapter 2 | Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance | |
| II | Current Electricity | |
| Chapter 3 | Current Electricity | |
| III | Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism | 16 |
| Chapter 4 | Moving Charges and Magnetism | |
| Chapter 5 | Magnetism and Matter | |
| IV | Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current | |
| Chapter 6 | Electromagnetic Induction | |
| Chapter 7 | Alternating Current | |
| V | Electromagnetic Waves | 17 |
| Chapter 8 | Electromagnetic Waves | |
| VI | Optics | |
| Chapter 9 | Ray Optics and Optical Instruments | |
| Chapter 10 | Wave Optics | |
| VII | Dual Nature of Matter | 10 |
| Chapter 11 | Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter | |
| VIII | Atoms & Nuclei | |
| Chapter 12 | Atoms | |
| Chapter 13 | Nuclei | |
| IX | Electronic Devices | 12 |
| Chapter 14 | Semiconductor Electronics | |
| X | Communication Systems | |
| Chapter 15 | Communication Systems | |
| XI | Practical Work | 30 |
| Total | 100 | |
Course Syllabus
Unit I: Electrostatics
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges −
Conservation of charge
Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges
Forces between multiple charges
Superposition principle
Continuous charge distribution
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges
Equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit II: Current Electricity
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current
Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity
Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and EMF of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications
Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge
Potentiometer −
Principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells
Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field −
Oersted’s experiment
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire
Straight and toroidal solenoids
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
Cyclotron
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere
Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field −
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
Magnetic field lines
Earth’s magnetic field
Magnetic elements
Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples
Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
Permanent magnets
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic induction −
- Faraday’s laws
- Induced EMF and current
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy currents
- Self and mutual induction.
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
- Alternating currents −
- Peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage
- Reactance and impedance
- LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
- LCR series circuit
- Resonance
- Power in AC circuits
- Wattless current
- AC generator and transformer
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics −
Reflection of light
Spherical mirrors
Mirror formula
Refraction of light
Total internal reflection and its applications
Optical fibres
Refraction at spherical surfaces
Lenses
Thin lens formula
Lensmaker’s formula
Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror
Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle
Interference Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
Polarisation, plane polarised light Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation
Photoelectric effect
Hertz and Lenard’s observations
Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation
Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).
Unit VIII: Atoms & Nuclei
Chapter 12: Atoms
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- Energy levels
- Hydrogen spectrum
Chapter 13: Nuclei
- Composition and size of −
- Nucleus
- Atomic masses
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones
- Radioactivity alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties
- Radioactive decay law
- Mass-energy relation −
- Mass defect
- Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
- Nuclear fission
- Nuclear fusion
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier
Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, zener diode as a voltage regulator
Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration), basic idea of analog and digital signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).
Unit X: Communication Systems
Chapter 15: Communication Systems
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
Bandwidth of transmission medium
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication
Need for modulation, amplitude modulation and frequency modulation, advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation
Basic ideas about internet, mobile telephony and global positioning system (GPS).
Practical Work
- Record of at least 15 Experiments to be performed by the students.
- Record of at least 5 to be demonstrated by the teachers.
- The Report of the project, to be carried out by the students.
